Contract Management

A Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery (BCDR) plan can be created for anything. Natural disasters, business plans, infrastructure projects, daily operations of a business, sports teams, really anything that has the possibility of not running right can have a plan. For this article the term will be project, which is open to your interpretation on what a project actually is.

Who takes the kids to schools when the primary driver has the flu? That is the most basic BC plan.

What do we do when we get a flat tire? That is the most basic DR plan.

These 2 examples may not be written out, but they are just as valid as any other plan, and there is usually a plan in place. And yes, you can have one half without the other or call the plan DRBC if recovering from the disaster is a higher priority than continuing business.

Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery plans are developed for certain circumstances that have the probability of occurring. Spending years of work and millions of dollars to secure a data center in the Atacama mountains desert region against flooding is useless. Equally useless is spending years of work and millions of dollars to prevent a New York snow in the winter.

There are 4 primary categories that are considered important in BCDR; avoidance, mitigation, transference and acceptance. Acceptance is contested as an option because there are not many people want to build a plan that says we accept a risk and a failure and can not mitigate, transfer or avoid it. There are cases when there is no real option other than accepting that there may be failure.

A sample project is to install a new telephone system in my office.

In a Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery plan, avoidance is building steps into your project to eliminate the risk or to protect the project from anything negative by means that you will determine.

My project may be late because it takes place from 15 December to 15 January, a time when many of my staff will take vacation. I can avoid an impact on my project by requesting an extension on the project, requiring additional resources, requesting extra money or many other options – you are limited by your imagination.

The idea behind transference is that the possibility of financial impact to the project is limited by contracting out some aspect of the work. I transfer the responsibility for part of the project to someone else. Transferring responsibility does not transfer accountability. The person in charge still has to accept that a failure is related to improper planning.

My December project may be late so I have hired a company to accomplish 3 critical tasks. If these tasks are not finished on time and in sequence, the project will not finish on time. I have signed a service level agreement with the vendor and the company will put all the resources required to deliver on time. If they fail to deliver on time they will not be paid, it the overall project is late because they fail to deliver on time they will pay me $1000 per day for a maximum of 15 days.

Mitigation is the part of the plan that takes the most thought. If mitigation is done properly then avoidance, transference and acceptance are clear. Mitigation is something you do to reduce the probability or consequences of a risk impacting your project. You may also define an acceptable level of impact that does not threaten the completion of your project Mitigation is very often costly and time consuming.

My December project requires new telephones for each of the 500 desks in our office. My regular supplier can guarantee 400 telephones at an $262.50 per phone, a 25% discount. The supplier is also reasonably sure to deliver the 500 on time and at the same price. To mitigate the risk of having 100 people without phones I agree that the supplier contract with a third party and buy 100 phones at the standard $350 price

1. Total cost of 500 phones from one supplier 500*262.50=$131,250.
2. Total cost of my phones from two suppliers (400*262.50)+(100*350)= $140,000
3. Mitigation cost $8750
4. Solution, pay the slight increase.

Second scenario for a larger company:

My December project requires new telephones for each of the 5000 desks in our office. My regular supplier can guarantee 2500 telephones at an $262.50 per phone, a 25% discount. The supplier is unable deliver the 5000 on time and at the same price. To mitigate the risk of having 2500 people without phones discuss with senior management to contract with a third party and buy 2500 phones at the standard $350 price, plus 10% for shipping

1. Cost of 2500 phones from one supplier 2500*262.50=$656,250.
   
2. Cost of 2500 phones from second supplier 2500*385=$ 962,500.
   
3. Total budget for phones $ 1,312,500
   
4. Total cost of phones $1,618,750
   
5. Mitigation cost $ -306,250
   
6. Solution – do you have $306,250 spare, or do you delay project completion?

Acceptance is the decision to accept certain risks and live with them. This means you do not change the project plan to deal with a risk or identify any response strategy other than agreeing to accept the risk if it is too costly or time consuming. A decision must be made to accept the risk, and the consequences. This decision must be made by a person with the highest level of authority. If the risk comes to pass and something fails the decision may mean late delivery of a project or failure as a team.

Second scenario similar to the one above:

My December project requires new telephones for each of the 5000 desks in our office. My regular supplier can guarantee 2500 telephones at a $262.50 per phone, our standard 25% discount. The supplier is unable deliver the 5000 on time and at the same price. To mitigate the risk of having 2500 people without phones discuss with senior management to contract with a third party and buy 2500 phones at the standard $350 price, plus 10% for shipping

1. Cost of 2500 phones from one supplier 2500*262.50=$656,250.
2. Cost of 2500 phones from second supplier 2500*385=$ 962,500.
3. Total budget for phones $ 1,312,500
4. Total cost of phones $1,618,750
5. Mitigation cost $ 306,250
6. Management does not have $306,250 to spend on the project and accepts that there may be a late delivery on some phones.
7. A mitigation plan will be put in place to make sure that the problem is handled the best way possible.

As stated above, a Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery (BCDR) plan can be created for anything. The coach of a team has a replacement in mind when players are injured, Floridians board up windows when a storm comes. The most important part of your BCDR is realizing that you need one and start defining the actions that people will take when things go wrong, and at one time or another – they will.

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Cindy King
http://www.articlesbase.com/project-management-articles/business-continuity-and-disaster-recovery-categories-718828.html

Web design industry expand its working area day by day thus nowadays only a good looking website can’t proficient for your business. Suppose you have a creative web design for your business and quality drop down features are there to show all of your web pages. Fine, then who will set the navigation system for your enormous numbers of pages to run the website properly?

Web programmers have the perfect knack to handle dynamic websites. With the help of freelance contract programmers you can easily represent your vast product list in front of the entire web audience. To dandle a dynamic website you particularly need two major things, the first one is a strong admin panel and the second one is superb database connectivity. These two exclusive can’t be done by professional web designers.

Through an effective admin panel you can easily decorate your website such as effortless placing the content in every page, inserting product category, inserting new products, managing the order list, member management etc and others. That means as a layman you need not to take further assistance of any programmers with the help of that admin panel. Database handling is known as the foremost knack of any web programmer. Creating the database, maintaining it properly and connecting that database with the website are not an easy task to do. This can be done by only professional programmers.

Thus a complete swing in web industry is detected towards professional programmers because of their server side programming capability. These freelance programmers are eventually capable in different kind of server side framework development such as PHP programming, java programming, asp dot net programming etc. These contract programmers create server side components over your web template to increase the features of your website.

Various kinds of form handling are known as the major ability of professional programmers. They are enabling several types of forms at your website for your visitors that they can easily express their interest through those forms and connected proper destination with those forms. Sometimes visitor are asking few parameters in different websites about their required product (such as product quality, price, shipping charges etc.) and these kinds of online forms can give you the edge over your competitors.

Professional programmers are the master in various types of error handling. There are two types of errors found in web programming such as logical and physical errors and the capability of any web programmer can be judge superbly through error handling ability. Normally errors are generated at the time of web designing or invoked for running some special scripts in coding section. Contract programmer can easily sorted out those points and solve them with their natural capability.

Contract programmers are keener to produce sharp, to the point presentation through their programming potential. All types of rotating images, large presentation small graphical image, properly handling all drop down facilities is effortlessly maintained by resourceful freelance programmers. They always keen to provide their 100 percent for an effective web presentation of your web site.

Cristina Gomes
http://www.articlesbase.com/programming-articles/use-of-freelance-contract-programmers-in-web-programming-700440.html

ORGANIC SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT FOR ENHANCED PADDY PRODUCTION AND REVENUE GENERATION WITH LESS COST AS ACHIEVED IN SOME MODEL PADDY FIELDS IN ORISSA

A.K. Panigrahix1, T.R. Sahoox2, H.S. Beherax3 and N.K. Swainx4

ABSTRACT:

Green revolution was introduced in the country in the early sixties to meet the demand of food and add cereal cultivation in the Rabi. The aftermath of this revolution is alarmingly disastrous. The humus devoid soil has lost its water holding ability, pests have acquired tremendous resistance against pesticides. Indian paddy fields are adding roughly about 37.8 metric tonnes of methane, a green house gas, into the atmosphere. Food and underground water contaminated with pesticides.

The environmental deteriorations, food and water contaminations demand a paradigm shift from chemical to organic agriculture. With the growing demand of food, diminishing arable land holdings and exodus of the agrarian communities from villages to towns abandoning agriculture, only organic farming will not suffice. The new technique conceived is known as sustainable agriculture, where soil fertility, crop yield and pest management are taken care of together with the environmental protection. This method of agriculture is in harmony with the nature. The article examines three ex situ experiments where the above mentioned issues are examined along with the cost benefit ratio and throws light in making agriculture sustainable.

INTRODUCTION

More than six decades ago,Sir Albert Howard explained the nature of soil fertility in his famous book, “An agricultural Testament” as under. The nature of soil fertility can be understood only when it is considered in relation to Nature’s round. To study soil fertility we have to know the natural working system and to adopt methods of investigation in strict relation to such a subject. We must look at soil fertility as we would study a business where the profit and loss account must be taken along with the balance sheet, the standing of the concern, and the method of management. We have to consider the wood, not the individual tree. So it is with soil fertility. According to him, a fertile soil is one which has humus in abundance. If the soil is deficient in humus, the volume of pore space is reduced, the aeration of the soil is impeded, there is insufficient organic matter for the soil population, the soil machinary runs down, the supply of oxygen, water and dissolved salts needed by the root hairs is reduced, the synthesis of carbohydrates and proteins in the green leaf proceeds at a lower tempo; growth is affected.

CHEMICAL AGRICULTURE, Impact Analysis;

Then came the war and the war ended sooner than expected, resulting in stock piling of war surplus exploxive related materials, mostly compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus. Global approach to agriculture modified in the event of population growth and developments in material and biological sciences. New seeds were developed and introduced to enhance food production which soon became popular in populous countries like India, China, South East Asian Countries and Japan. War surplus chemicals were converted into compounds called artificial chemical fertilizers. The seeds, popularly called “Green revolution seeds” or “Miracle seeds”, were developed to consume these synthetic artificial chemical fertilizers with water and

produce more food. Thus, monoculture came into being at the expense of agro biodiversity and resources like water diminished.

Four decades into the green revolution in India, the situation is pathetic; soil in general has become humus deficient, excessively hard and bears no pores for holding air and moisture. This soil no longer harbours the beneficial microbes but the pathogens and pest eggs, requiring excessive use of synthetic pesticides. The impacts of these agro chemicals, the artificial chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides are well observable. No data have been published by any the Indian agencies like the US Environment Protection Agency (USEPA). The USEPA revealed in 1991 that the projected estimate of methane emission from the Indian paddy fields amounted to 37.8 metric tonnes per year, thus accusing the Indian paddy cultivators in adding to the global green house gas accumulation as methane is also considered as a green house gas. Consequently in Indian more emphasis is now attached to shift to non conventional agriculture and keep paddy cultivation limited to 47 percent of the total arable land. Use of artificial chemical fertilizers especially N- fertilizers always invite the agricultural pests and applications of pesticides, especially synthetic pesticides. The disastrous consequences of the use of these synthetic pesticides over several decades are now clearly observable. There is a rise of pesticides resistance in the pest species and diseases causing microbes at the expense of the beneficial organisms like the beneficial insects (honey bee) and scavenging birds (vultures). Reports of crop failure are also linked to the changes in natural status of the soil. Reports of methane emission are obviously owing to excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers like Urea. Reports of occurance of agricultural pesticides in underground water (bottled water and soft drinks) are certainly due to their excessive applications and non degradations. There are reports of people in villages dying after consuming water from shallow tube wells in Orissa (Chakulia, Balasore, 2005).

HYPOTHESIS

It was thus felt essential to find a solution to both, enhance crop yield through enhanced soil fertility organically without further degrading its status and keep the pathogens and pests at bay through the use of natural pest repellants, botanical pesticides and employing biological pest control methods. But the most important one is, following Sir Howard, to bring out a balance sheet of profit- loss, making cultivation a profitable enterprise so that uncalled for future situations like resource retirement, contract farming and above all exodus of the agrarian communities from villages to cities are successfully thwarted. In India, agriculture is a million year old enterprise and has changed Sir Howard from being an western expert to an oriental expert. The population is growing alarmingly but arable land is diminishing. The farmers are committing suicides owing crop failures. There ought to be a shift in approach to the whole practice of agriculture at the moment. The modern agriculture should be made sustainable, i.e., in harmony with the nature. With the foregone objectives set in mind the authors experimented with the principal crop of Orissa, i.e. paddy cultivation, both in Kharif and Rabi.Methodology of approach, application, observation and cost benefit ratio of three such ex situ experiments, one of Rabi and the two others of Kharif are furnished below.

Material Method and Observations:

Experiment-1 : Rabi 2003 -04

Farmer’s name and address – Sri Surendra Nath Patra, Vill- Dharampur, Fulwar Kasba, Balasore, Orissa.

Soil type – Deltaic alluvial

Crop type- Paddy (HYV)- Lalat (ORS-26-2014-4) known qualities – Duration: 125-130 days.

Grain type: Medium * Slender, Grain yield/hectare: 40 quintals (as on record)

Experimental Unit Area: 1 Acre

Source of seed : Farmers own saved (OS)

SL No.. Activities associated Control Rs Chemical Rs. Organic Rs

1. Seed cost OS 0.00 OS 0.00 OS 0.00

2. Seed bed preparation 2HL 100.00 2HL 100.00 2HL 100.00

1BL 80.00 1BL 80.00 1BL 80.00

3. Ist cultivation Tractor 600.00 Tractor 600.00 Tractor 600.00

(2 hours) (2 hours) (2 hours)

4. Farm yard manure Not applied Not applied 2 tonnes 0.00

(II)

5. Puddling 6 HL 300.00 6HL 300.00 6HL 300.00

2BL 160.00 2BL 160.00 2BL 160.00

6. Basal application Nil Gromor Pongam 70 kg 700.00 Oil cake MOP 1qt. 400.00 20 kg 100.00 Azolla 0.00

(I.I)

7. Transplantation 35HL 1750.00 40 HL 2000.00 35 HL 1750.00

8. Interculture 5HL 250.00 7HL 350.00 5 HL 250.00

9. a) Ist top dressing Nil Urea Pongam Oilcake

12 kg 60.00 50 kg 200.00

MOP Cow urine

6kg 30.00 250 lts. 0.00 (I.I)

b) 2nd top dressing Nil Urea

10 kg 50.00 Cow urine

MOP 250 lts. 0.00 5kg 25.00 (I.I)

10. Pesticide application Nil 400.00 200.00

(lure appln.)

11. Irrigation (total) 250.00 250.00 250.00

12. Cutting of crop 15HL 750.00 18HL 900.00 15HL 750.00

13. Threshing 10HL 500.00 13HL 650.00 10HL 500.00

14. Miscellaneous expenses Nil 100.00 150.00

(pest management)

15. Total cost involved(in Rs) 4740.00 6855.00 5690.00

16. a.Yield of grains 12.7qntls. 20.2qntls 23.5qntls

@520/-per qntl @520/-qntl @520/-qntl

6604.00 10504.00 12220.00

b.Yield of straw 15.85qntls 25.07qntls 29.47qntls

@80/-=1268.00 @70/-=1755.00 @80/-=2358.00

17. Total yield(in terms of Rs.) 7,872.00 12,259.00 14578.00

18. Net benefit 3,132.00 5,404.00 8,888.00

19. Cost benefit Ratio (17/15) 1.66 1.788 2.562

Experiment -2: Kharif 2004-05:

Name and address of the farmer: Raghunath Barik, Bhimpur

Soil type: Coastal alluvial Crop type: Paddy HYV (Pooja) (recently introduced)

Experimental unit area: 1 Acre Source of seed: Farmer’s own saved seed (0S)

SL No.. Activities associated Control Rs Chemical Rs. Organic Rs

1. Seed cost OS 0.00 OS 0.00 OS 0.00

2. Seed bed preparation 2HL 100.00 2HL 100.00 2HL 100.00

1BL 80.00 1BL 80.00 1BL 80.00

3. Ist cultivation Tractor Tractor Tractor

2hrs 600.00 2hrs. 600.00 2hrs. 600.00

4. Farm yard Manure Not applied Not applied 2 tonnes (II) 0.00

5. Puddling 6HL 300.00 6HL 300.00 6HL 300.00

2BL 160.00 2BL 160.00 2BL 160.00

6. Basal application NIL Gromor Pongam oil cake

70 kg 700.00 1.5q 600.00

MOP Sesbania

20kg 100.00 10kg 110.00

B.F 500gm. 100.00

V.C. 5 qntls.

(I.I) 0.00

7. Transplantation 35HL 1750.00 40HL 20000.00 35HL 1750.00

8. Interculture 8HL 400.00 10HL 500.00 8HL 400.00

9. Ist Top dressing Nil Urea Bacterial fertiliser

12kg 60.00 250 gm 50.00

MOP Compost 2.5qntls.

6kg 30.00 (1.1) 0.00

10. 2nd top dressing Nil Urea Bacterial fertilizers

10kg 50.00 250 gm 50.00

MOP Compost 2.5qntls.

5kg 25.00 (1.1) 0.00

11. Pesticide application Nil Total 400.00 (1.1) 0.00

12. Crop cutting 15HL 750.00 18HL 900.00 15HL 750.00

13. Threshing 10HL 500.00 13HL 650.00 10HL 500.00

14. Miscellaneous Nil 100.00 150.00

15. Total cost involved (in Rs.) 4,640.00 6,755.00 5,700.00

16. a. Yield of grain 16.50qntl. 8,580.00 21.9qntl. 11,388.00 22.10qntl. 11,492/-

b. Yield of straw 22.10qntl 1,768.00 27.5qntl 1,925.00 29.4qntl 2,352/-

c. Total yield(in Rs.) 10,348.00 13,313.00 13,844/-

17. Net benefit 5,708.00 6,558.00 8,144/-

18. Cost benefit ratio (16c/15) 2.23 1.971 2.429

Soil fertility condition of the above crop at different stages.

Plot N (Kg/ha) P (Kg/ha) K(Kg/ha)

Subiah and Asija, 1956 Olsen’s method Ammonium Acetate method (alkaline potassium permanganate)

Initial 45DAT After Initial 45DAT After Initial 45DAT After

harvest harvest harvest

Control 511.9 499.4 426.49 50.00 44.6 15.2 312.0 300.8 200.25

Chemical 511.9 561.2 520.57 50.00 52.2 26.16 312.0 346.6 241.9

Organic 511.9 560.7 564.4 50.00 43.7 18.24 312.0 336.8 251.32

Experiment. 3. Kharif 2004-05

Name and address of the farmer: Sri Pitamber Jena,

At- Mangalpur, P.O.- Chengua- Mangalpur, Via- Bhimda, Dist; Mayurbhanj (Orissa)

Soil type : Sandy loam

Crop type : Paddy (HYV) Kasturi

Source of seed : Purchased from other farmer (PI)

(7.5 kg @ 5/- per kg= Rs. 37.50p)

Known yield potential of the variety (Kasturi) ± 20 quintals per acre (chemical)

Plot size : 30 decimals (100 decimals = 1 Acre)

Ingredients applied:

1. Sesbania (Dhanicha) seed @ 12 kg/acre = 3kg 600gm @ Rs. 11/- 1 kg = Rs. 39.60p)

2. Pongam oil cake @ 150kg/acre = 45 kg @ Rs. 4/-kg = Rs. 180.00

3. Cow urine soaked cowshed soil @ 4 quintals / acre= 1.2 quintals (Internal input)

4. Fresh cow urine @ 7-8 liters twice in a week for 6 weeks (internal input)

5. Home made heap compost – 2 cartloads (I I)

MATERIAL METHOD

Sesbania seeds were sown in the soil after the first ploughing and allowed to grow up to preflowering stage where after the field was ploughed and the plants were incorporated into the soil together with pongam oil cake, cow urine soaked cowshed soil and home made compost. The farm land top soil was thus converted into a paste of soil, sesbania plants, pongam oil cake, urine soaked cow shed soil, home made compost and stagnated water (just enough to create a muddy condition). It was allowed to stand overnight. The field was then transplanted with the paddy seedlings two days after. Thereafter, the field was periodically weeded and fresh cow urine applied at regular intervals to add more potash* to the soil.

[*The authors found out that fresh cow urine is a rich source of available potash to the plants and help in better fruiting.]

OBSERVATION:

1. Soil samples were collected at different stages for study of soil fertility conditions and the NPK values were ascertained.

Study of sample N(Kg/ha) P(Kg/ha) K(K/ha)

Initial 283.7 42.6 168.3

45 DAT 458.2 45.8 273.6

75 DAT 462.1 39.9 260.1

After harvest 393.6 35.2 254.7

2. Yeild of grains at harvest: 8.5 quintals (@ 28.33 quintals/acre –or- 70 quintals/hectare)

3. Yeild of straw at harvest : 9.9 quintals (@ 32.9 quintals / acre)

Cost Benefit Index :

1. Total expenditure incurred: Rs. 1317.10

A. Ingredients: (purchased input)

i. Cost of paddy seeds : Rs 37.50

ii. Cost of sesbania seeds : Rs. 39.60

iii. Cost of pongam oil cake : Rs. 180.00

B. Labour:

i. Seed bed preparation 1 HL : Rs. 50.00

ii. Ist cultivation 1 BL : Rs. 80.00

iii. Puddling I BL : Rs 80.00

iv. Transplantation 10 HL : Rs. 500.00

v. Interculture 1HL : Rs. 50.00

vi. Crop cutting 4 HL : Rs. 200.00

vii. Threshing 2HL : Rs. 100.00

2. Total sale proceeds of yield:

i.Value of grain,

8.5 quintals@ 600/- per quintal = : Rs. 5100.00

ii Value of straw,

9.9 quintals@ 80/-per quintals = : Rs. 792.00

———————

TOTAL Rs. 5892.00

3. Cost benefit ratio (2/1) = 4.47

Abbreviations used :

HL = Human labour, BL =Bullock Labour, MOP = Muriate of potash, N= Nitrogen (total), P= Phosphorus (available), K= Potash(available),II= Internal input, PI=– Purchased input, B.F.= Bacterial Feriliser, V.C.= VermiCompost.

x1 – Principal Investigator, UGC MRP Organic Farming, F.M. (Auto) College, Balasore (Orissa)756001

x2- Project Associate, UGC MRP Organic Farming, F.M.(Auto) College, Balasore(Orissa) 756001

x3- Research Associates, PPBSA- Navdanya, Ranipatna, Balasore(Orissa) 756001.

x4- Co-investigator, UGC MRP Organic Farming, F.M.(Auto) College, Balasore(Orissa) 756001

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors are indebted to the University Grants Commission, Bahadur shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-2, and the Navdanya Trust, A/60 hauz Khas, New Delhi-16 for the financial assistances received from them to undertake the ex- situ field studies and laboratory assessments.

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Dr.Ashok Kumar Panigrahi